Evolución conceptual y metodológica de la planificación estratégica en el ámbito organizacional: Una revisión sistemática
Palabras clave:
planificación, evolución, conceptualización, metodología, transformación digital, inteligencia artificialResumen
La planificación estratégica es un campo de alta producción académica en ciencias de la administración, aunque su dispersión conceptual y metodológica dificulta una comprensión sistemática de su evolución. Esta revisión sistemática, basada en el protocolo PRISMA 2020, examina la evolución conceptual y metodológica de la planificación estratégica organizacional desde 1962 hasta 2025, incluyendo desarrollos vinculados a inteligencia artificial y transformación digital. Se realizó una búsqueda en seis bases de datos (Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, EBSCO y Redalyc/Latindex), identificando 7.350 registros iniciales, de los cuales 82 estudios conformaron el corpus final. Mediante síntesis temática narrativa y análisis de contenido cualitativo se identificaron seis categorías analíticas (CA1-CA6): diseño y planificación formal; posicionamiento competitivo; crítica paradigmática y estrategia emergente; medición y gestión estratégica integrada; planificación en el sector público y organizaciones sin fines de lucro; y enfoques basados en evidencia y ágiles. El análisis inductivo reveló cinco categorías emergentes (CE1-CE5): brecha estrategia-implementación; identidad estratégica como constructo relacional; inteligencia artificial como paradigma de decisión; planificación sostenible e integración ESG; y tensión entre universalismo y contextualización. Los resultados indican una reconfiguración paradigmática impulsada por la convergencia entre transformación digital, demandas de sostenibilidad y la necesidad de marcos sensibles al contexto.Referencias
Ackoff, R. L. (1970). A concept of corporate planning. John Wiley & Sons. https://ia800807.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.138227/2015.138227.A-Concept-Of-Corporate-Planning.pdf
Andrews, K. R. (1971). The concept of corporate strategy. Dow Jones-Irwin. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Kenneth-R.-Andrews%2C-The-Concept-of-Corporate-Dow-s.-Aggebo/9598311688b7d61e0607ea3c180344ef01e2f1bf
Ansoff, H. I. (1965). Corporate strategy: An analytic approach to business policy for growth and expansion. McGraw-Hill. https://archive.org/details/corporatestrateg0000hans
Ansoff, H. I. (1979). Strategic management. Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-02971-6
Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Boston Consulting Group. (1970). The product portfolio. BCG Perspectives. https://www.bcg.com/publications/1970/strategy-the-product-portfolio
Boyne, G. A., & Walker, R. M. (2010). Strategic management and public service performance: The way ahead. Public Administration Review, 70(s1), s185–s192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02271.x
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. W. W. Norton & Company. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-07087-000
Bryson, J. M. (1988). A strategic planning process for public and non-profit organizations. Long Range Planning, 21(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(88)90061-1
Bryson, J. M. (2004). Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: A guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement. Jossey-Bass / Wiley. https://aspa.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Strategic-planning-for-public-nonprofit-3-editon.pdf
Bryson, J. M., Berry, F. S., & Yang, K. (2010). The state of strategic planning research: What we know and what we still need to learn. Public Administration Review, 70(s1), s255–s266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02285.x
Bryson, J. M., Edwards, L. H., & Van Slyke, D. M. (2018). Getting strategic about strategic planning research. Public Management Review, 20(3), 317339. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2017.1285111
Bryson, J. M., & George, B. (2024). Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: A guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement. John Wiley & Sons. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382254675_Strategic_Planning_for_Public_and_Nonprofit_Organizations_A_Guide_to_Strengthening_and_Sustaining_Organizational_Achievement_6th_Edition
Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the industrial enterprise. MIT Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262530095
Chehimi, M., & Naro, G. (2024). Balanced scorecards and sustainability balanced scorecards for corporate social responsibility strategic alignment: A systematic literature review. Journal of Environmental Management, 367, 122000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122000
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. SAGE Publications. https://collegepublishing.sagepub.com/products/designing-and-conducting-mixed-methods-research-3-241842
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. (2018). CASP qualitative checklist. https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/
Csaszar, F. A., Ketkar, H., & Kim, H. (2024). Artificial intelligence and strategic decision-making: Evidence from entrepreneurs and investors. Strategy Science, 9(4), 322–345. https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2024.0190
Davenport, T. H., & Ronanki, R. (2018). Artificial intelligence for the real world. Harvard Business Review, 96(1), 108-116. https://hbr.org/2018/01/artificial-intelligence-for-the-real-world
De Wit, B., & Meyer, R. (2010). Strategy: Process, content, context-An international perspective. Cengage Learning. https://books.google.com.py/books/about/Strategy.html?id=tCspQP0CYgcC&redir_esc=y
Drucker, P. F. (1964). Managing results: Economic tasks and risk-taking decisions. Harper & Row. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=iKtvThMKvBkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10–11), 1105–1121. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200010/11)21:10/11<1105::AID-SMJ133>3.0.CO;2-E
Elbanna, S., Andrews, R., & Pollanen, R. (2016). Strategic planning and implementation success in public service organizations: Evidence from Canada. Public Management Review, 18(7), 1017–1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1051576
Elkington, J. (1997). Cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of 21st century business. Capstone Publishing. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2092269
Fabac, R. (2022). Digital balanced scorecard system as a supporting strategy for digital transformation. Sustainability, 14(15), 9690. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159690
Freedman, L. (2013). Strategy: A history. Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/strategy-9780199325153?cc=py&lang=en&
Gavetti, G., & Rivkin, J. W. (2007). On the origin of strategy: Action and cognition over time. Organization Science, 18(3), 420–439. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0282
George, B., Walker, R. M., & Monster, J. (2019). Does strategic planning improve organizational performance? A meta-analysis. Public Administration Review, 79(6), 810–819. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13104
George, B. (2025). Towards purposeful strategic planning: A mixed research synthesis across disciplines. Long Range Planning, 58(4), 102470. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393432476_Towards_purposeful_strategic_planning_A_mixed_research_synthesis_across_disciplines
Ghemawat, P. (1991). Commitment: The dynamic of strategy. Free Press. https://archive.org/details/commitmentdynami00ghem
Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114–135. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166664
Hafsi, T., & Thomas, H. (2005). Strategic management and change in high dependency environments: The case of a philanthropic organization. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 16(4), 329–351. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11266-005-9146-y
Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (1994). Competing for the future. Harvard Business School Press. https://hbr.org/1994/07/competing-for-the-future
Hansen, E. G., & Schaltegger, S. (2016). The sustainability balanced scorecard: A systematic review of architectures. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(2), 193–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2340-3
Hax, A. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984). Strategic management: An integrative perspective. Prentice-Hall. https://archive.org/details/strategicmanagem00haxa
Henderson, B. D. (1979). Henderson on corporate strategy. Abt Books. https://books.google.com.py/books/about/Henderson_on_Corporate_Strategy.html?id=uPUOAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
Hrebiniak, L. G. (2005). Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change. Wharton School Publishing. https://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/9780131467453/samplepages/013146745x.pdf
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Jarzabkowski, P. (2005). Strategy as practice: An activity-based approach. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446215777
Jarzabkowski, P., & Kaplan, S. (2015). Strategy tools-in-use: A framework for understanding "technologies of rationality" in practice. Strategic Management Journal, 36(4), 537–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2270
Johnsen, Å. (2018). Impacts of strategic planning and management in municipal government: An analysis of subjective survey and objective production and efficiency measures in Norway. Public Management Review, 20(3), 397-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2017.1285115
Kacen, J. J., & Lee, J. A. (2002). The influence of culture on consumer impulsive buying behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1202_08
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1992). The balanced scorecard-Measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review, 70(1), 71–79. https://images.template.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/11122659/balanced-scorecard-key-performance-indicators.pdf
Kim, W. C., & Mauborgne, R. (2005). Blue ocean strategy: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant. Harvard Business School Press. https://hbr.org/2004/10/blue-ocean-strategy
Kumar, S., Lim, W. M., Sureka, R., Jabbour, C. J. C., & Bamel, U. (2024). Balanced scorecard: Trends, developments, and future directions. Review of Managerial Science, 18, 2397–2439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00700-6
Learned, E. P., Christensen, C. R., Andrews, K. R., & Guth, W. D. (1965). Business policy: Text and cases. Richard D. Irwin. https://www.scirp.org/(S(czeh2tfqw2orz553k1w0r45))/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1242467
Lorange, P. (1980). Corporate planning: An executive viewpoint. Prentice-Hall. https://books.google.com.py/books/about/Corporate_Planning.html?id=vZUoAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
Martín-Gómez, A. M., Pineda-Ganfornina, M., Ávila-Gutiérrez, M. J., Agote-Garrido, A., & Lama-Ruiz, J. R. (2024). Balanced scorecard for circular economy: A methodology for sustainable organizational transformation. Sustainability, 16(4), 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041464
Mikalef, P., & Gupta, M. (2021). Artificial intelligence capability: Conceptualization, measurement calibration, and empirical study on its impact on organizational creativity and firm performance. Information & Management, 58(3), 103434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2021.103434
Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. (1978). Organizational strategy, structure, and process. McGraw-Hill. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13061045_Organizational_Strategy_Structure_and_Process
Mintzberg, H. (1994). The rise and fall of strategic planning. Free Press. https://theisrm.org/documents/Mintzberg%20%281994%29%20Fall%20and%20Rise%20of%20Strategic%20Planning.pdf
Mintzberg, H., & Waters, J. A. (1985). Of strategies, deliberate and emergent. Strategic Management Journal, 6(3), 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250060306
Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., & Lampel, J. (1998). Strategy safari: A guided tour through the wilds of strategic management. Free Press. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1963523
Neely, A., Adams, C., & Kennerley, M. (2002). The performance prism: The scorecard for measuring and managing business success. Financial Times Prentice Hall. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andy-Neely/publication/265453886_The_Performance_Prism_The_Scorecard_for_Measuring_and_Managing_Business_Success/links/557ccc0b08aec87640db4fb7/The-Performance-Prism-The-Scorecard-for-Measuring-and-Managing-Business-Success.pdf
Niven, P. R., & Lamorte, B. (2016). Objectives and key results: Driving focus, alignment, and engagement with OKRs. John Wiley & Sons. https://www.amazon.com/Objectives-Key-Results-Alignment-Engagement/dp/1119252393
Obschonka, M., & Audretsch, D. B. (2020). Artificial intelligence and big data in entrepreneurship: A new era has begun. Small Business Economics, 55, 529–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00202-4
Ohmae, K. (1982). The mind of the strategist: The art of Japanese business. McGraw-Hill. https://www.academia.edu/81941841/The_mind_of_the_strategist_the_art_of_Japanese_business_McGraw_Hill_1982_
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., ... & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Poister, T. H. (2010). The future of strategic planning in the public sector: Linking strategic management and performance. Public Administration Review, 70(s1), s246–s254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02284.x
Poister, T. H., Pitts, D. W., & Hamilton Edwards, L. (2010). Strategic management research in the public sector: A review, synthesis, and future directions. American Review of Public Administration, 40(5), 522–545. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074010370617
Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. Free Press. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=195
Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. Free Press. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=193
Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Free Press. https://economie.ens.psl.eu/IMG/pdf/porter_1990_-_the_competitive_advantage_of_nations.pdf
Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68(3), 79–91. https://hbr.org/1990/05/the-core-competence-of-the-corporation
Quinn, J. B. (1980). Strategies for change: Logical incrementalism. Richard D. Irwin. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1444115
Raina, K., Singh, H., Kumar, S., & Jaiswal, V. (2026). Artificial intelligence-driven management: Bridging innovation, knowledge and strategic resources. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 11, 100860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100860
Rumelt, R. P. (2011). Good strategy, bad strategy: The difference and why it matters. Crown Business. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280183839_Good_StrategyBad_Strategy_The_Difference_and_Why_It_Matters
Schwartz, P. (1991). The art of the long view: Planning for the future in an uncertain world. Doubleday. https://virtualmmx.ddns.net/gbooks/TheArtoftheLongView.pdf
Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Doubleday. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog468/sites/www.e-education.psu.edu.geog468/files/TheFifthDiscipline.pdf
Seo, D., Bryson, J. M., & Crosby, B. C. (2025). Ongoing strategizing in practice: Examining CEO activities and a social enterprise's pathways to growth and greater effectiveness. Public Management Review. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2022.2103173
Steiner, G. A. (1969). Top management planning. Macmillan. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=217958
Steiner, G. A. (1979). Strategic planning: What every manager must know. Free Press. https://books.google.com.py/books/about/Strategic_Planning.html?id=9BNPAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509–533. https://sms.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0266%28199708%2918%3A7%3C509%3A%3AAID-SMJ882%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Z
Tawse, A., & Tabesh, P. (2021). Strategy implementation: A review and an introductory framework. European Management Journal, 39(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.09.005
Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375
Vandersmissen, L., & George, B. (2023). Strategic planning in the public sector: A systematic review and future research agenda. Public Management Review, 25(10), 1865–1893. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375697296_Strategic_planning_in_public_organizations_reviewing_35_years_of_research
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050207
Westerman, G., Bonnet, D., & McAfee, A. (2014). Leading digital: Turning technology into business transformation. Harvard Business Press. https://books.google.com.py/books/about/Leading_Digital.html?hl=de&id=Fh9eBAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
Whittington, R. (1996). Strategy as practice. Long Range Planning, 29(5), 731–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(96)00068-4
Wiraeus, D., & Creelman, J. (2019). Agile strategy management in the digital age: How dynamic balanced scorecards transform decision making, speed and effectiveness. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76309-5
Wolf, C., & Floyd, S. W. (2017). Strategic planning research: Toward a theory-driven agenda. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1754-1788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313478185
